Bolting is convenient in cold-formed construction. Bolts, nuts, and washers should generally conform to the requirements of the ASTM specifications listed in Table 8.7. The maximum sizes of bolt holes are given in Table 8.8. Standard holes should be used in bolted connections when possible. If slotted holes are used, the length of the holes should be normal to the direction of the shear load. Washers should be installed atop oversized or slotted holes. 8.18.1 Spacing of Bolts The distance e, in, measured in the direction of applied force, from the center of a standard hole to the nearest edge of an adjacent hole or to the end of the connected part toward which the force is directed should not be less than e . min e
e (8.41) min e e
P/F t (8.42) u TABLE 8.7 ASTM Bolt, Nut, and Washer Steels A194 Carbon and alloy steel nuts for high-pressure and high-temperature service A307 Carbon steel bolts and studs A325 High-strength bolts for structural steel joints A354 Grade BD quenched and tempered alloy-steel bolts, studs, and other externally threaded fasteners (for bolt diameter less than 1/2 in) A449 Quenched and tempered steel bolts and studs (for bolt diameter less than 1/2 in) A490 Heat-treated steel structural bolts A563 Carbon and alloy steel nuts F436 Hardened steel washers F844 Washers, steel, plain (flat), unhardened for general use F959 Compressible washer-type, direct-tension indicators for use with structural

strength, min, psi Moisture content for Type I units, max, % of total absorption (average of 5 units) Avg annual relative humidity, % Moisture absorption, max, lb. / ft3 (average of 5 units) Oven-dry weight of concrete, lb / ft3 Avg of 5 units Individual min Over to Under or more to Under Concrete building brick, N-I, N-II (high strength severe exposures) S-I, S-II (general use, moderate exposures) Linear shrinkage, %: 0.03 or less 45 40 35 0.03 to 0.45 40 35 30 Over 0.045 35 30 25 Solid, load-bearing units, N-I, N-II (unprotected exterior walls below grade or above grade exposed to frost) S-I, S-II (protected exterior walls below grade or above grade exposed to frost) Linear shrinkage, %; (Same as for brick) Hollow, load bearing units, N-I, N-II (general use) 1000 800 13 15 18 S-I, S-II (above grade, weather protected) Linear shrinkage, %; (Same as for brick) Hollow, non-load-bearing units, Linear shrinkage, %; (Same as for brick) *For units weighing less than 85 lb / ft3. TABLE 4.8 Physical Requirements for Clay or Shale Solid Brick

5.19.2 Design Spectral Response Accelerations Ground motion accelerations, represented by response spectra and coefficients derived from these spectra, shall be determined in accordance with the general procedure or the site-specific procedure. The later procedure shall be used for structures on sites classified as Site Class F. General Procedure for Determining Maximum Considered Earthquake and Design Spectral Response Accelerations. The maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations maps only provide values for Site Class B at short TABLE 5.12 Plan Structural Irregularities Irregularities Irregularity type and description Seismic Design Category application 1a Torsional irregularityto be considered when diaphragms are not flexible D, E, and F Torsional irregularity shall be considered to exist when the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure