Design values obtained by the methods described in Art. 10.3 should be multiplied by adjustment factors based on conditions of use, geometry, and stability. The adjustments are cumulative, unless specifically indicated in the following. The adjusted design value Fb for extreme-fiber bending is given by F
F C C CC C C C CC C (10.1) b b D M t L F V fu r c where Fb
design value for extreme-fiber bending CD
load duration factor (Art. 10.5.1) CM
wet service factor (Art. 10.5.2) Ct
temperature factor (Art. 10.5.3) CL
beam stability factor (Arts. 10.5.5 and 10.7.2) CF
size factorapplicable only to visually graded, sawn lumber and round timber flexural members (Art. 10.5.4) CV
volume factorapplicable only to glulam flexural members (Art. Cfu
flat-use factorapplicable only to dimension-lumber beams 2 to 4 in thick and glulam beams with loads applied parallel to the wide face of the laminations (Art. 10.5.7) Cr
repetitive member factorapplicable only to dimension-lumber beams 2 to 4 in thick (Art. 10.5.8) Cc
curvature factorapplicable only to curved portions of glulam beams

Liquid Limit (LL). The water content corresponding to the behavior change between the liquid and plastic state of a silt or clay. The liquid limit is deter- TABLE 6.8 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) Major divisions Subdivisions symbol Typical names Laboratory classification criteria Coarse-grained soils (More than 50% retained on No. 200 sieve) Gravels (More than 50% of coarse fraction retained on No. 4 sieve) Sands (50% or more of coarse fraction passes No. 4 sieve) Well-graded gravels or gravelsand mixtures, little or no fines Poorly graded gravels or gravelly sands, little or no fines Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures Clayey gravels, gravel-sandclay mixtures Well-graded sands or gravelly sands, little or no fines Poorly graded sands or gravelly sands, little or no fines Silty sands, sand-silt mixtures Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures Less than 5% finesa Less than 5% finesa More than 12% finesa More than 12% finesa Less than 5% finesa Less than 5% finesa More than 12% finesa More than 12% finesa Cu  4 and 1  Cc  3 Does not meet Cu and/or Cc criteria listed above Minus No. 40 soil plots below

A typical building code reads: Special precautions shall be taken to protect the outer surfaces of steel columns located in exterior walls against corrosion, by painting such surfaces with waterproof paints, by the use of mastic, or by other methods of waterproofing approved by the building inspector. FIGURE 7.63 Flashing at spandrel and lintels. In most structures an asphalt-type paint is used for column-flange protection. The proviso is sometimes extended to include lintels and spandrels, since the danger of corrosion is similar, depending on the closeness and contact with the wall. However, with the latter members, it is often judicious to supplement the paint with flashing, either metallic or fabric. A typical illustration, taken from an actual apartment-building design, is shown in Fig. 7.63. In general, building codes differ on field paint; either paint is stipulated or the code is silent. From a practical viewpoint, the question of field painting cannot be properly resolved with a single broad rule. For an enclosed building in which the structural members are enveloped, for example, a field coat is sheer wastage, except for exterior steel members in contact with walls. On the other hand, exposed steel subject to highhumidity atmospheres and to exceptionally corrosive gases and contaminants may need two or three field coats. Manufactured buildings should always be closely scrutinized, bearing in mind that original conditions are not always permanent. As manufacturing processes change, so do the corrosive environments stimulated by new methods. It is well to prepare for the most adverse eventuality. Special attention should be given to steel surfaces that become inaccessible, e.g., tops of purlins in contact with roof surfaces. A three-coat job of particularly suitable paint may pay off in the long run, even though it delays placement of the roof