Coffee stains Remedy: Apply a cloth that has been saturated in a solution of one part glycerin to four parts water. When the stain is drawn into the cloth, rinse with water. Egg Remedy: Wipe the stained area with acetone until the stain is removed. Ink and Biro Different inks require different treatments. Remedy: Wipe with white spirits, acetone or apply an acetone poultice to help draw out the stain. Brick Cleaning and Maintenance Brick Technical Manual 31 Marker pens Remedy: Wipe off with acetone or a poultice of acetone and talc. Oil, grease and animal fats Remedy: Apply an engine degreaser emulsifier or a strong detergent, then rinse well. Organic growths / fungus, mould and moss Porous masonry provides a benign environment for organic growth when it is continuously moist, especially in light but shady conditions and when there are plenty of nutrients available. You will need to check downpipes, flashings etc for ways to stop continuous moist conditions. If brickwork dries, organic growth should not occur.

The technical specifications for a building project normally require that some time be devoted prior to project closeout for instruction and training of the clients building operating personnel and building engineer, who will be responsible for operating and maintaining the various building systems. Manufacturers operating procedures, manuals, and inventory of spare parts and attic stock should be reviewed with the client, building engineer, and the contractor installing the work. The building engineer should thus gain a general understanding of the individual systems and their interaction in the operation of the building. During the warranty and guarantee period, the contractor or applicable subcontractor may be requested to assist the building engineer further in operation and maintenance of a system, including testing, balancing, and minor adjustment. After the shakedown period and when the engineer thoroughly understands system operation, the clients personnel assume full responsibility and deal directly with the manufacturers of various building components for maintenance. Or the client may subcontract maintenance, a normal procedure for such systems as elevators and escalators where specialty expertise in maintenance is required. The normal procedure for submission of record drawings rests primarily with the contractor. These are edited drawings and specifications submitted by the contractor that describe actual installed conditions based on the contractors field coordination

This equation indicates that a prismatic beam hinged at only one end has threefourths the stiffness, or resistance to end rotation, of a beam fixed at both ends. 5.11.4 Fixed-End Moments A beam so restrained at its ends that no rotation is produced there by the loads is called a fixed-end beam, and the end moments are called fixed-end moments. Fixedend moments may be expressed as the product of a coefficient and WL, where W is the total load on the span L. The coefficient is independent of the properties of other members of the structure. Thus, any member can be isolated from the rest of the structure and its fixed-end moments computed. Assume, for example, that the fixed-end moments for the loaded beam in Fig. 5.63a are to be determined. Let MF be the moment at the left end L and MF the moment at the right end R of the beam. Based on the condition that no rotation is permitted at either end and that the reactions at the supports are in equilibrium with the applied loads, two equations can be written for the end moments in terms of the simple-beam end rotations, L at L and R, at R for the specific loading. Let KL be the fixed-end stiffness at L and KR the fixed-end stiffness at R, as given by Eqs. (5.112) and (5.113). Then, by resolution of the moment diagram into simple-beam components, as indicated in Fig. 5.63 to h, and application of the superposition principle (Art. 5.10.6), the fixed-end moments are found to be where CL and CR are the carry-over factors to L and R, respectively [Eqs. (5.109) and (5.110)]. The end rotations L and R can be computed by a method described in Art. 5.5.15 or 5.10.4. Prismatic Beams. The fixed-end moments for beams with constant moment of inertia can be derived from the equations given above with the use of Eqs. (5.111)