Mild Typically inland, more than 50 km from the coast and away from industrial areas. This environment has been subdivided as follows: Mild-tropical within the tropical climatic zone (for example, Katherine and Mt Isa). Mild-temperate within the temperate climatic zone (for example, Dubbo and Mildura). Mild-arid within the arid climatic zone (for example, Alice Springs and Kalgoorlie) Design Considerations Brick Technical Manual 58 5.1.2 Masonry units When masonry units absorb moisture containing physical stresses leading to particles being dislodged dissolved salts, damage can result when this moisture from the surface; this is referred to as salt attack. dries out. This damage can effect either the A standard salt cycling test is given in AS/NZS 4456.10 mortar joints (if the mortar is soft) or to the units, and to measure the resistance of masonry units to salt sometimes to both. attack. The available grades, in order of increasing The mechanism operating is that the dissolved salts resistance, are Protected, General Purpose and crystallise just below the surface as the moisture Exposure. evaporates and the growth of the crystals causes

Figure 5.22b shows the influence line for bending moment at the center of a beam. It resembles in appearance the bending-moment diagram for a load at the center of the beam, but its significance is entirely different. Each ordinate gives the moment at midspan for a load at the corresponding location. It indicates that, if a unit load is placed at a distance xL from one end, it produces a bending moment of 1/2 xL at the center of the span. Figure 5.22c shows the influence line for shear at the quarter point of a beam. When the load is to the right of the quarter point, the shear is positive and equal to the left reaction. When the load is to the left, the shear is negative and equal to the right reaction. The diagram indicates that, to produce maximum shear at the quarter point, loads should be placed only to the right of the quarter point, with the largest load at the quarter point, if possible. For a uniform load, maximum shear results when the load extends from the right end of the beam to the quarter point. FIGURE 5.22 Influence lines for simple beam AB for (a) reaction at A; (b) midspan bending moment; (c) quarter-point shear; and (d ) bending moments for unit load at several points on

Ballrooms and banquet rooms should be located on lower floors and served by separate elevators. Sometimes it is advisable to provide an express elevator to serve heavy roof-garden traffic. Passenger elevators should be of 3000-lb capacity or more to allow room for baggage carriers. Intervals for passenger elevators should not exceed 50 s. Service elevators are very important in hotels. Hospital-shaped elevators are often preferred for handling linen and food service carts as well as baggage. Typically, hotels are provided with one passenger elevator per 125 to 150 rooms. The service elevator quantity is 50 to 60% of the passenger elevator quantity. The ratio of rooms per elevator is lower for better-quality hotels and higher for more modest facilities. Elimination of noise and vibration from medium- to high-speed elevators is virtually impossible, so hotels should be carefully planned to ensure that guest rooms are not adjacent to elevator hoistways. Rooms that adjoin elevator hoistways may generate complaints throughout the life of the building. 16.11.7 Apartment-Building Elevators Multistory residential buildings do not have peaks so pronounced as other types of buildings. Generally, the evening peak is the largest. Traffic flow at that time may be 6 to 8% of the building population in a 5-min period. Building population should be estimated in consideration of the market for which the building is designed. If only one elevator is selected to satisfy traffic conditions for a building of modest height, residents will be forced to use the stairs at times the elevator is out of service for repairs. Where the elevator is considered more than an amenity, two elevators should be provided. Market conditions may require that a separate service elevator also be provided in some urban settings. Typically, a 2500-lb elevator with a 9-ft clear ceiling height can be relied on to carry most furniture. As is the case with hotels, the potential for noise and vibration should be considered in location of elevators in living units. 16.11.8 Department-Store Elevators Department stores should be served by a coordinated system of escalators and elevators. The required capacity of the vertical-transportation system should be based on the transportation of merchandising area and the maximum density to which it is expected to be occupied by shoppers. The transportation area is all the floor space above or below the first floor to which shoppers and employees must be moved. Totaling about 80 to 85% of the gross area of each upper floor, the transportation area includes the space taken up by counters, showcases, aisles, fitting rooms, public rooms, restaurants, credit offices, and cashiers counters but does not include kitchens, general offices, accounting departments, stockrooms, stairways, elevator shafts, or other areas for utilities. The transportation capacity is the number of persons per hour that the verticaltransportation system can distribute from the main floor to the other merchandising floors. The ratio of the peak transportation capacity to the transportation area is called the density ratio. This ratio is about 1 to 20 for a busy department store. So the required hourly handling capacity of a combined escalator and elevator system is numerically equal to one-twentieth, or 5%, of the transportation area. The elevator system generally is designed to handle about 10% of the total. The maximum peak hour usually occurs from 12 to 1 pm on weekdays and between 2 and 3 pm on Saturdays. The type of elevator preferred for use with moving stairs is one with 3500-lb capacity or more. It should have center-opening, solid-panel, power-operated car and hoistway doors, with at least a 4-ft 2-in opening and a platform 7 ft 8 in by 4