Design Considerations Brick Technical Manual 63 Chart 4 Wall is laterally supported from one end only Chart 5 Wall is laterally supported from the top only Design Considerations Brick Technical Manual 64 5.3 Design to Avoid Cracking 5.3.1 General To avoid cracking in masonry work, the use of both effective tying and support in addition to correct masonry detailing must occur. Assuming the quality of the masonry is adequate, cracking can be avoided by the provision of various forms of control joints and adequate detailing. The positioning of the joints will depend upon the movements for which they are inserted, and in many cases can compensate for several types of movements. 5.3.2 Locations of articulation joints Articulation joints are used in conjunction with a foundation to control the effects of ground movements. The joints articulate the masonry components of the building into separate elements, which undergo movement as the footing deflects, without causing distress in the masonry. The more flexible the footing, or the more vulnerable the surface finish is to cracking, the closer the required spacing of the joints will be. Articulation not only aids in minimising wall cracks, but all helps reduce the likelihood of windows or doors jamming due to foundation movements.

b. Mix 150 grams of potassium or sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) per litre of water and apply to the stained bricks. Wash off with clean water once the stain has disappeared. 3. Some mild stains may reappear after more water (rain) on the masonry depending on the amount of salts originally in the brick and the amount already treated. Address these stains using step 1. Similar to typical white efflorescence, these stains will reduce and disappear in time. * If hydrochloric acid is to be used, all existing vanadium stains must first be removed using steps 1 and/or 2. If this is not done the hydrochloric can cause mild yellow/green stains to become darker brown or black which will be much more difficult to remove. The wall should be pre-wet with clean water to minimize acid absorption into the body of the brick and the weakest possible solution of acid should be used. Once the bricks are surface dry, follow up with the neutralising solution as per 2(a) above. Any resulting vanadium stains then need to be treated using step 2. **Test the chemicals removal efficiency and your application technique on a small discrete test area to determine the most suitable treatment to use, prior to use on the entire affected area.

Building Seismic use group Building, other than masonry shear wall or masonry wall frames buildings, four stories or less in height with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that have been designed to accommodate the story drifts 0.025 hsxb 0.020 hsx 0.015 hsx Masonry cantilever shear wall buildingsc 0.010 hsx 0.010 hsx 0.010 hxx Other masonry shear wall buildings 0.007 hxx 0.007 hsx 0.007 hsx Masonry wall frame buildings 0.013 hsx 0.013 hsx 0.010 hsx All other buildings 0.020 hsx 0.015 hsx 0.010 hsx a There shall be no drift for single-story buildings with interior walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that have been designed to accommodate the story drifts. b hsx is the story height below Level x. c Buildings in which the basic structural system consists of masonry shear walls designed as vertical elements cantilevered from their base or foundation support which are so constructed that moment transfer between shear walls coupling is negligible. of seismic load impact, and so on. It is very important that the design engineer be familiar with requirements. 5.19.5 Seismic Design Requirements on Nonstructural Components Architectural, mechanical, electrical, and other nonstructural components in structures shall be designed and constructed to resist equivalent static forces and displacements. Unless otherwise noted, components shall be considered to have the same Seismic Design Category as the structure that they occupy or to which they