Poole Consulting Services, Inc. Olathe, Kansas This section treats the major subsystems for conveyance of liquids and gases in pipes within a building. The pipes generally extend beyond the building walls to a supply source or a disposal means, such as a sewer. Plumbing codes were created to prevent illness and death from unsanitary or unsafe conditions in supply of water and gases in buildings and removal of wastes in pipes. There are two commonly recognized model plumbing and fire prevention codes: International Plumbing Code and International Fire Code, International Code Council Inc., Falls Church, VA. Uniform Plumbing Code and Uniform Fire Code, International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Walnut, Calif. These codes are generally revised on 3-year cycles. In addition to these model codes, several cities and states have adopted their own plumbing and fire prevention codes. The National Standard Plumbing Code, administered by the National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors, Inc., Washington, D.C., has been adopted in some localities. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has also adopted the National Plumbing Code, ANSI A.40.8, which is administered by the Mechanical Contractors Association of America, Rockville, Md. Also, numerous fire-safety codes and standards are contained in National Fire Codes, National Fire Protection Association,

c  68.1  (5.263) where E  modulus of elasticity, psi p  density of the struck body, lb/ ft3 If an impact imparts a velocity v, ft / s, to the particles at one end of a prismatic bar, the stress, psi, at that end is v  E  0.0147v Ep  0.000216pcv (5.264) c if is in the elastic range. In a compression wave, the velocity of the particles is in the direction of the wave. In a tension wave, the velocity of the particles is in the direction opposite the wave. In the plastic range, Eqs. (6.263) and (5.264) hold, but with E as the tangent modulus of elasticity. Hence, c is not a constant and the shape of the stress wave changes as it moves. The elastic portion of the stress wave moves faster than the wave in the plastic range. Where they overlap, the stress and irrecoverable strain are constant. (The impact theory is based on an assumption difficult to realize in practice that contact takes place simultaneously over the entire end of the bar.) At the free end of a bar, a compressive stress wave is reflected as an equal tension wave, and a tension wave as an equal compression wave. The velocity of the particles there equals 2v. At a fixed end of a bar, a stress wave is reflected unchanged. The velocity of the particles there is zero, but the stress is doubled, because of the superposition of the two equal stresses on reflection. For a bar with a fixed end struck at the other end by a moving mass weighing Wm lb, the initial compressive stress, psi, is  0.0147v Ep (5.265) o o where vo is the initial velocity of the particles, ft / s, at the impacted end of the bar and E and p, the modulus of elasticity, psi, and density, lb/ ft3, of the bar. As the velocity of Wm decreases, so does the pressure on the bar. Hence, decreasing compressive stresses follow the wave front. At any time t  2L/c, where L is the length of the bar, in, the stress at the struck end is  e2t /  (5.266) o where e  2.71828,  is the ratio of Wb, the weight of the bar, to Wm, and  

Efflorescence Once work is completed, it will still need to be protected from adverse weather and other construction operations. Everyone in the workplace must contribute to safety and efficiency by: taking care to minimise damage to work keeping the work area clean and tidy disposing of waste properly. Segregated Waste is often segregated to support recycling and contribute to Separated into groups or categories (eg sustainability. glass, metal, wood) Segregated waste skips on a site for paper and cardboard and wood Since bricks can be a heavy building material, it is very important to give careful consideration to health and safety matters when moving them. Always use proper handling techniques and wear suitable PPE. A basic set of PPE items for a bricklayer handling materials would include: safety boots, safety glasses or goggles and gloves. Chapter 1, pages 2023, covers these points in more detail but, when preparing and placing materials prior to building brickwork, remember that bricks are heavy and often sharp.