Good lighting requires good quality of illumination (Art. 15.11), proper color rendering (Art. 15.12), and an adequate quantity of light (Art. 15.13). This result, however, cannot be achieved economically solely by selection and arrangement of suitable light sources. Lighting effects are also dependent on other systems and factors such as the characteristics of surrounding walls, floor, and ceiling; nature of tasks to be illuminated; properties of the backgrounds of the tasks; age and visual acuity of occupants; and characteristics of the electrical system. Design of a lighting system, therefore, must take into account its interfacing with other systems. Also, lighting design must take into account the influence of lighting requirements on other systems, including architectural systems; heating and cooling effects of windows provided for daylighting; energy supply required from the electrical system; and loads imposed by electric lighting on the HVAC system. Sources of light within a building may be daylight or artificial illumination. The latter can be produced in many ways, but only the most commonly used types of electric lighting are discussed in this section. Like other building systems, lighting design is significantly affected by building codes. These generally contain minimum requirements for illumination levels, for the safety and health of building occupants. In addition, electric lighting equipment and electrical distribution must conform to safety requirements in building codes and the National Electrical Code, which is promulgated by the National Fire Protection Association, and to standards of the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Also, the Illuminating Engineering Society has developed standards and recommended practices to promote good lighting design. In the interests of energy conservation, federal and state government agencies have set limits on the amount of energy that may be expended (energy budget) for operation of buildings. These limits may establish maximum levels of illumination for specific purposes in buildings. Because of the importance of good lighting, the need to control lighting costs and to conserve energy, and the multiplicity of legal requirements affecting lighting design, engagement of a specialist in lighting design is advisable for many types

where CS is the response coefficient and W is the effective seismic weight of the structure, including the total dead load and other loads listed below: 1. In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25% of the reduced floor live load (floor live load in public garages and open parking structures need not be included) 2. Where an allowance for partition load is included in the floor load design, the actual partition weight or a minimum weight of 10 psf of floor area (whichever is greater) 3. Total operating weight of permanent equipment 4. 20% of flat roof snow load where the flat roof snow load exceeds 30 psf The seismic response coefficient, CS, shall be determined in accordance with the following formula: where SDS  the design spectral response acceleration at short period R  the response modification factor from Table 5.9 I  the Occupancy Importance Factor The value of the seismic response coefficient CS need not exceed the following: TABLE 5.17 Coefficient for Upper Limit on Calculated Period Design spectral response acceleration at 1-second period, SD1 Coefficient Cu but shall not be taken less than: For buildings and structures in Seismic Design Categories E or F, and those buildings and structures for which the 1-second spectral response S1 is equal to or greater than 0.6g, the value of the seismic response coefficient CS shall not be taken

Offering or furnishing of professional services such as environmental analysis, feasibility studies, programming, planning, and aesthetic and structural design Preparation of construction documents, consisting of drawings and specifications, and other documents required in the construction process Administration of construction contracts and project representation in connection with the construction of building projects or addition to, alteration of, or restoration of buildings or parts of building All documents intended for use in construction are required to be prepared and administered in accordance with the standards of reasonable skill and diligence of the profession. Care must be taken to reflect the requirements of country and state statutes and county and municipal building ordinances. Inasmuch as architects are licensed for the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare, documents prepared by architects must be of such quality and scope and be so administered as to conform to professional standards. Nothing contained in the law is intended to prevent drafters, students, project representatives, and other employees of those lawfully practicing as registered architects from acting under the instruction, control, or supervision of their employers, or to prevent employment of project representatives from acting under the immediate personal supervision of the registered architect who prepared the construction documents. Building types, time schedules, building attitudes, and legal and economic conditions affect relations with the four major client types for whom an architect may provide services. These are known as the traditional, developer, turnkey, and design/