1.1 Defining Masonry Units 05 4.1 Fire Resistance 43 1.2 Brick Dimensions 06 - Structural Adequacy 1.3 Brick Strength 07 - Integrity - Insulation 44 1.4 Durability 08 4.2 Sound Rating 45 1.5 Expansion 10 - Acoustic Properties 1.6 Efflorescence 11 -Construction Details to Achieve Maximum 46 1.7 Lime Pitting 12 Performance 1.8 Solar Absorptance & Reflectance 13 4.3 National Construction Code (NCC) 47 1.9 Cold Water Absorption 14 Requirements and Deemed to Satisfy Walls 1.10 Colour Variation 15 -NCC Requirements - Requirements for New South Wales, 48 2. WORKING WITH BRICKS Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and 2.1 Brick Bonds 17 Western Australia 2.2 Decorative Brick Patterns 18 -Requirements for Queensland and 49 2.3 Blending 19 The Northern Territory 2.4 Mortar Joints 20 -Achieving the Required Acoustic Performance 50 2.5 Mortar 21 4.4 Sound Rating of NSW Common Bricks 51 4.5 WA Utility Bricks 55 2.6 Best Bricklaying Practices 24 -Guidelines for Laying Bowral 25 Dry-pressed bricks

T Thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than F, O, or H. This designation applies to products that are thermally treated, with or without supplementary strain hardening, to produce stable tempers. The T is always followed by one or more digits. *Recommended by the Aluminum Association. A digit after H represents a specific combination of basic operations, such as H1strain hardened only. H2strain hardened and partly annealed, and H3strain hardened and stabilized. A second digit indicates the degree of strain hardening, which ranges from 0 for annealing to 9 in the order of increasing tensile strength. A digit after T indicates a type of heat treatment, which may include cooling, cold working, and aging. There are economic advantages in selecting structural aluminum shapes more efficient for specific purposes than the customary ones. For example, sections such as hollow tubes, shapes with stiffening lips on outstanding flanges, and stiffened panels can be formed by extrusion. Aluminum alloys generally weigh about 170 lb / ft3, about one-third that of structural steel. The modulus of elasticity in tension is about 10,000 ksi, compared with 29,000 ksi for structural steel. Poissons ratio may be taken as 0.50. The coefficient of thermal expansion in the 68 to 212
F range is about 0.000013 in / in

F, about double that of structural steel. Alloy 6061-T6 is often used for structural shapes and plates. ASTM B308 specifies a minimum tensile strength of 38 ksi, minimum tensile yield strength of 35 ksi, and minimum elongation in 2 in of 10%, but 8% when the thickness is less

Concrete suppliers are equipped to heat materials and to deliver concrete at controlled temperatures in cold weather. These services should be utilized. In very cold weather, for thin sections used in buildings, the freshly cast concrete must be enclosed and provided with temporary heat. For more massive sections or in moderately cold weather, it is usually less expensive to provide insulated forms or insulated coverings to retain the initial heat and subsequent heat of hydration generated in the concrete during initial curing. The curing time required depends on the temperature maintained and whether regular or high-early-strength concrete is used. High-early-strength concrete may be achieved with accelerating admixtures (Art. 9.9) or with high-early-strength cement (Types III or IIIA) or by a lower water-cementitious materials ratio, to produce the required 28-day strength in about 7 days. An important precaution in using heated enclosures is to supply heat without drying the concrete or releasing carbon dioxide fumes. Exposure of fresh concrete to drying or fumes results in chalky surfaces. Another precaution is to avoid rapid temperature changes of the concrete surfaces when heating is discontinued. The heat supply should be reduced gradually, and the enclosure left in place to permit cooling to ambient temperatures gradually, usually over a period of at least 24 h. (Cold Weather Concreting, ACI 306R; Standard Specification for Cold Weather Concreting, ACI 306.1; and Standard Specifications for Structural Concrete, Mixing and placing concrete at a high temperature may cause flash set in the mixer, during placing, or before finishing can be completed. Also, loss of strength can result from casting hot concrete. In practice, most concrete is cast at about 70  20F. Research on the effects of casting temperature shows highest strengths for concrete cast at 40F and significant but practically unimportant increasing loss of strength from 40F to 90F. For higher temperatures, the loss of strength becomes important. So does increased shrinkage. The increased shrinkage is attributable not only to the high temperature, but also to the increased water content required for a desired slump as temperature increases. See Fig. 9.5. For ordinary building applications, concrete suppliers control temperatures of concrete by cooling the aggregates and, when necessary, by supplying part of the mixing water as crushed ice. In very hot weather, these precautions plus sectional casting, to permit escape of the heat of hydration, may be required for massive foundation mats. Retarding admixtures are also used with good effect to reduce slump loss during placing and finishing. (Hot Weather Concreting, ACI 305R; and Standard Specifications for Structural Concrete, ACI 301.) Curing of concrete consists of the processes, natural and artificially created, that affect the extent and rate of hydration of the cement. Many concrete structures are cured without artificial protection of any kind. They are allowed to harden while exposed to sun, wind, and rain. This type of curing is unreliable, because water may evaporate from the surface. Various means are used to cure concrete by controlling its moisture content or its temperature. In practice, curing consists of conserving the moisture within newly placed concrete by furnishing additional moisture to replenish water lost by evaporation. Usually, little attention is paid to temperature, except in winter curing and